异种铁素体耐热钢接头界面组织及其影响

综述了铁素体与铁素体异种金属焊缝（dissimilar metal welds，DMWs）接头界面组织及其影响。结果表明，在焊后热处理或运行温度下的铁素体钢DMWs接头的不均匀界面组织中，通常会形成脱碳层和增碳层。在铁素体钢DMWs焊接接头界面组织影响因素中，焊缝金属的化学成分有重要影响；焊后热处理规范（温度和时间）、工作温度下运行时间的影响较为突出；焊接工艺参数的影响亦不可忽略。异种钢接头界面处近缝区裂纹的产生，以及接头的蠕变强度随Larson Miller 参数增大而下降等不利影响，均为异种钢界面碳迁移行为所导致。焊缝成分控制法是接头界面组织控制或改善的必要条件，而脱碳层部位转移法能有效防止裂纹发生，亦是接头安全运行的重要工艺措施之一。     

Synthesis of Ionic Ultramicroporous Polymers for Selective Separation of Acetylene from Ethylene

The design of highly stable and efficient porous materials is essential for developing breakthrough hydrocarbon separation methods based on physisorption to replace currently used energy-intensive distillation/absorption technologies. Efforts to develop advanced porous materials such as zeolites, coordination frameworks, and organic polymers have met with limited success. Here, a new class of ionic ultramicroporous polymers (IUPs) with high-density inorganic anions and narrowly distributed ultramicroporosity is reported, which are synthesized by a facile free-radical polymerization using branched and amphiphilic ionic compounds as reactive monomers. A covalent and ionic dual-crosslinking strategy is proposed to manipulate the pore structure of amorphous polymers at the ultramicroporous scale. The IUPs exhibit exceptional selectivity (286.1–474.4) for separating acetylene from ethylene along with high thermal and water stability, collaboratively demonstrated by gas adsorption isotherms and experimental breakthrough curves. Modeling studies unveil the specific binding sites for acetylene capture as well as the interconnected ultramicroporosity for size sieving. The porosity-engineering protocol used in this work can also be extended to the design of other ultramicroporous materials for the challenging separation of other key gas constituents.     

机械结构分层优化技术研究进展

复杂机械结构优化设计一般表现为多目标、多约束、多参数的优化问题,所以复杂结构优化设计过程通常存在计算复杂、不易收敛等困难。分层优化技术是复杂结构优化设计的一种有效途径,通过将优化问题中复杂的约束、设计变量以及功能目标合理分解为若干子层问题进行求解,然后通过协调得到复杂机械结构整体优化问题的结果。文章对机械结构分层优化技术的理论、应用研究现状进行了总结并探讨了其关键技术环节及发展趋势。     

Ultralow-threshold wideband-tunable single-mode ultraviolet lasing from lanthanide-doped upconversion nanomaterials

Ultraviolet (UV) lasers with dynamic wavelength-tunability and high monochromaticity are crucial in a multitude of practical applications yet still remarkable challenges. Here, we show wide wavelength-tuning of single-mode UV lasing based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The rationally designed Yb³⁺/Er³⁺/Tm³⁺/Gd³⁺/Ce³⁺ co-doped multilayer UCNPs, which exhibits a broad gain spectrum with the full width of half maximum of around 57 nm in the UV regime, are developed. More importantly, by taking advantages of a diffraction grating as the tuning component, stable single-mode emission can be achieved in the UCNPs-based external-cavity-extended Fabry–Pérot laser at room temperature. Specifically, the lasing threshold is around 137 µJ cm^–2, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that in the previously reported articles. Precise wavelength-tuning from 310 to 363 nm can be realized by adjusting the Littrow angle. This achievement highlights a portable alternative to continuously wideband-tunable UV lasers and opens up new opportunities for constructing compact solid-state UV photon sources.     

超级电容器的电性能及其在智能仪表上的应用

超级电容器作为一种新型储能元件,目前应用越来越广泛,但在很多细分市场还处于培育阶段,相关行业标准也不尽完善。文中以超级电容器的等效电路模型引出了电性能的特征参数,对比分析了主要标准中电性能特征参数测试方法的差异,提出了在智能仪表中应用超级电容器的要点,对全面认识超级电容器的电性能,在实际工作中正确的应用超级电容器,有一定的参考价值。     

状态导向与事件导向相结合的二回路管道破裂事故处理规程开发

华龙一号”采用征兆导向应急运行规程（SEOP）进行事故处理。本文对SEOP中二回路管道破裂事故相关规程进行研究，包括规程开发和支持性验证。在规程的开发过程中，构建了合理的规程框架以及不同事故采用的处理规程，并结合“华龙一号”的设计特征，确定了主要恢复策略以及相关的重要定值。在支持性验证过程中，选取典型二回路管道破裂事故进行论证，结果表明，对所选的工况，SEOP提供的缓解策略能够及时有效地将核电厂引导至预期的安全可控状态。此外，通过对不同类型事故规程进行比较，证明了SEOP在涵盖的事故范围和恢复操作的时效性方面的优势。通过本文的研究，为“华龙一号”二回路管道破裂事故处理规程的开发和验证建立了合理的方法。      

生物预处理技术在天然产物提取中的应用研究进展

生物预处理技术运用于天然产物提取是借助微生物或生物酶的作用，在适当条件下对天然资源进行处理，破坏植物原料的细胞壁，促进天然产物释放到提取介质中，以提高分离效率，有助于保证天然产物活性。生物预处理技术按形式可以分为微生物发酵技术和生物酶处理技术。针对2种生物预处理技术的作用机制和应用进行综述，旨在为天然产物开发利用提供参考。     

加热面朝下的池沸腾汽泡动态行为研究

基于Matlab软件开发了自动识别气液两相流界面程序，程序可获得气液界面变化、汽膜厚度、汽膜脱离周期和汽膜法向速度等特征。利用该程序对沟槽结构加热表面朝下布置时，在不同倾角、不同热流密度下的汽泡动态数据进行了处理和分析。结果表明：加热表面朝下发生核态沸腾时，汽膜厚度随热流密度的增大而增大，汽泡脱离周期随热流密度的增大先减小，而后维持在一稳定值；汽膜脱离周期随倾角的增大而减小，倾角为5°时的汽膜脱离周期稳定在0.27 s左右。当发生沸腾危机时，汽膜厚度迅速减小，这可作为动态监测加热表面沸腾状态的依据。